Abstract
Purpose: Graphic forensic evidence in courtrooms via 3D-computer models and 3D-printed skeletal models may influence the psychological wellbeing and decision making of jurors. Although such technology can enhance comprehension, its psychological impact remains underexplored. This study examined how different modalities of skeletal evidence (3D-printed model, 3D-computer model, autopsy photographs) influence juror stress, emotional reactivity, comprehension and verdicts immediately after exposure and seven days later. Visual and written evidence were compared, and the influence of prior trauma and mental health upon these outcomes considered. Methods: Adults eligible for jury service in England and Wales (N = 180) were randomly assigned to one of three evidence modalities while reviewing a fictional murder case. Baseline measures assessed trauma history, mental health, medical fear and perceived stress. Immediate responses to the case and evidence were evaluated using validated self-report measures and visual analogue scales of stress, emotional reactivity, concentration and mental imagery. Perceived stress and trauma-related distress were reassessed seven days later. Verdict decisions and confidence were recorded immediately and at day seven. Results: 3D-printed models and autopsy photographs elicited significantly greater emotional distress than 3D-computer models. Regardless of modality, visual evidence produced stronger emotional responses than written case This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.