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Machiavellianism and Aggression as Predictors of Emotional Manipulation
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Machiavellianism and Aggression as Predictors of Emotional Manipulation

Sarwar Khawaja, Katarina Sokic, Fayyaz Hussain Qureshi and Helena Nikolic
Business systems research, Vol.16(2), pp.168-182
21/12/2025

Abstract

Business & Economics Business Social Sciences
Background Emotional manipulation, Machiavellianism, and aggression represent individual characteristics that can substantially shape behaviour and interactions in organisational settings. These traits are linked to counterproductive work behaviours, weakened team functioning, and diminished leadership effectiveness.Objectives This study examines how Machiavellianism, proactive aggression, and reactive aggression predict emotional manipulation, poor emotional skills, and the concealment of emotions, with a specific focus on their relevance for organisational dynamics and workplace relationships.Methods/Approach The Emotional Manipulation Scale, the Short Dark Triad, and the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire were applied to a sample of 332 individuals. Data was collected online from a convenience sample of the general population.Results Machiavellianism positively predicted emotional manipulation, poor emotional skills, and emotional concealment. Proactive aggression predicted emotional manipulation and emotional concealment, while reactive aggression predicted emotional manipulation. Machiavellianism added incremental value beyond reactive and proactive aggression in explaining all three emotional outcomes.Conclusions The findings highlight Machiavellianism as a key behavioural risk factor in organisational contexts, shaping manipulative tendencies that can undermine cooperation, leadership quality, and organisational performance. The results provide valuable implications for management, HR practices, and organisational diagnostics.
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Published (Version of record) Open Access CC BY V4.0  — This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator.
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Published (Version of record) Open Access Open CC BY V4.0  — This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator.

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