Abstract
A revised model for the influence of flame retardant treatments on the pyrolysis behaviour, in air, of cotton (cellulose) fabrics is proposed. This is based on extensive studies of a set of commercially flame retarded cotton fabrics using a range of experimental techniques, e.g., Py-FTIR, Py/GC and GC-MS, thermal analysis, oxygen index/smoke-CO-CO
2 evolution. The samples studied were the condensed phase active ammonium polyphosphate (Amgard TR), a phosphonium salt-urea-polycondensate (Proban CC) from Albright and Wilson and a phosphonopropionamide (Pyrovatex CP) from Ciba-Geigy, together with two vapour phase active treatments: ammonium phosphate-ammonium bromide (Amguard CD, Albright and Wilson) and an antimony(III) oxide-aliphatic bromide (Flacavon H14/587) formulation from Schill and Seilacher. The results obtained are collated and interpreted to provide an overall view of the pyrolysis mechanism of cellulose in air. The pyrolysis can be characterised by three stages: Stage I, 300–400°C, involves two competing pathways which yield aliphatic char and volatiles. During Stage II, 400–800°C, some of the aliphatic char converts to an aromatic form. Both chars are partially oxidised to evolve CO and CO
2. Above 800°C, Stage III, char and any remaining hydrocarbon species are further oxidised mainly to CO
2 and some CO. The influence of the various flame retardant types on these various Stages are discussed with respect to their retardant roles.